Scott traveled southward up the western margin of the ice field miles to a point in latitude 82 deg. He also climbed from his headquarters on MacMurdo Sound to the summit of the high table land to the westward. Shackleton's expedition of to penetrated at the same place that Scott entered, and traveled up the western border of the ice field along the route which had been pursued by his predecessor until he reached a great glacier, named Beardmore Glacier, coming down from the highlands to the westward.
He followed up this glacier to the summit of the plateau and then continued to the southward until he reached a point in latitude 88 deg. At this point the elevation was 10, feet above the level of the sea. While this journey to the southward was in progress, another party of the expedition climbed Mount Erebus, and a third party reached the south magnetic pole and located it, in 72 deg.
The observations in either case were not sufficient, however, to warrant drawing a conclusion as to the actual change in the position of the magnetic poled between and Five expeditions were sent to the Antarctic during the past year, for the purpose of reaching the South Pole, or for the exploration of the Antarctic Continent, or both.
The first is the British Expedition under the command of Capt, R. Scott, who was the leader of the British National Antarctic Expedition of to He made a successful landing at a point near his former situation in MacMurdo Sound, and continued to be engaged in exploration to the southward. A German expedition under Lieut. Wilhelm Filchner left early in the year , intending to make a landing somewhere on the shore of the Weddell Sea, perhaps on Coats Land, on the opposite side of the Antarctic Continent from Capt.
No reports have yet been received from him. Before reaching its projected landing place, however, this expedition suffered a series of mishaps, the chief of which was the loss of nearly all the dogs upon which relicance had been placed for transportation.
Near the close of the year , another expedition started for it field of exploration in the Antarctic. This is the Australian expedition under the leadership of Dr. Douglas Mawson, geologist of the Shackleton expedition. Land, near the eastern end of the ice front, and on the opposite shore of the Ross Sea, from the point at which Scott and Shackleton have made their successful entrances into the interior of the continent.
The expedition was in winter-quarters at Whale Bay until September, , and, on the 20th of October. In less than a month. The glacial streams descending through the depressions among the mountain slopes constituted the usual lines of travel, and the route developed was new and independent, passing among mountain peaks rising to the height of 15, and 18, feet above the sea and gradually mounting to a maximum level before the Pole was reached and thence descending very gradually for miles over a vast plateau to the position which was occupied on December l5th and 16th, , and determined to be the South Pole.
The main characteristic of this form of coast is that the trend is determined by mountain ranges running parallel to the shore. In the southern part of Patagonia the Andes are turned from their meridional course and run eastward across Tierra del Fuego. The tectonic line of the Andes is then apparently bent southward, and reappears in Palmer Land. It is probably continued around the southern Pacific meeting the end of the New Zealand line and the Victoria Range in the mighty mountains which Amundsen, in his approaches to the South Pole, discovered in the shape of what he has named the Maude Range stretching off to the southeastward as far as 88 degrees south.
The principles of geomorphology would also suggest that from the lofty mountain axis bordering the Pacific there should slope downward, across the Pole, a broad plateau to Weddell Sea on the one side and the bight between Wilkes Land and Enderly Land on the other; and this interpretation is borne out by the description of the plateau conditions which were found to exist around the South Pole.
So far the facts published concerning the information gathered by Amundsen are chiefly geographical and topographical. Already a subscriber? Sign in. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Sir Edmund Hillary became interested in climbing when he was still in secondary school. Hillary was a member of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition in and reached the South Pole overland in ; he later reached the North Pole, making him the first person to summit Everest and reach both Poles.
Since , Arctic explorer Richard Weber has been to the North Pole 7 times; in , he was a member of the first 2-man team to reach the North Pole unsupported. He led the Antarctic expedition of , which was the first to reach the South Pole , on Dec 14, , a month ahead of the American expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott. Amundsen was the leader of the first air expedition to the North Pole in , and he also led the first expedition to traverse the Northwest Passage.
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Learn about the Arctic wildlife species you can observe and also learn about Mt. In this guest post by Jupiter Kayonga, you'll follow his exciting journey to Antarctica on our Crossing the Circle itinerary. No one country governs or owns Antarctica. Arctic Terns are fascinating. They sleep and eat while they glide. They have the longest migration route in the world, and get more sun than any other species. His crew included naval seamen, scientists and paying members.
His ship Terra Nova sailed from Cardiff on 15 June History of Antarctic explorers. Roald Amundsen was a respected Norwegian explorer who was determined to beat the British expedition and be the first to reach the South Pole. He kept his plans to head south very secret - he had originally planned to head north, but upon hearing that the North Pole had been reached, changed his mission. On 18 October , after the Antarctic winter, Amundsen's team set out on its drive toward the Pole.
Captain Scott began his trek three weeks later. He had reached the Pole a full 33 days before Captain Scott arrived. Amundsen and his crew returned to their base camp on 25 January , 99 days and roughly nautical miles after their departure.
Scott left his base camp with his team to the Pole on 1 November
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